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The Privatization process in Pakistan (sometimes referred to as Denationalization programme or simply the Privatization in Pakistan) was a policy measure programme in the economic period of Pakistan. It was first conceived and implemented by the then-people-elected Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and the Pakistan Muslim League, in an attempt to enable the nationalized industries towards market economy, immediately after the economic collapse of Soviet Union in 1989-90. The program was envisaged and visioned to improve the GDP growth of the national economy of Pakistan, and reversal of the nationalization programme in 1970s— an inverse of the privatization programme.〔 In the period of the 1970s, all major private industries and utilities were put under the government ownership in an intensified programme, called the nationalization programme that led the economic disaster in Pakistan. Since then, the demand for denationalization gained currency towards the ending of the government of Pakistan Peoples Party in 1977, although a commission was set up by General Zia-ul-Haq government but no denationalization programme began until 1990. The privatization programme was launched on 22 January 1991 by Prime minister Nawaz Sharif in a vision to promote free-market economic principles, private-ownership and the mainstream goal to attract foreign investment in the country. But, as a result a good deal of the national wealth fell into the hands of a relatively small group of so-called business oligarchs (tycoons), and the wealth gap increased dramatically in the 1990s that halted the programme by Benazir Bhutto.〔 Revisions were made in 1999, and finally launched the much more intensified privatization programme under the watchful presiding leadership of Prime minister Shaukat Aziz in 2004.〔 Finally, the programme was ended effectively at the end of 2007 when ~80%-90% of the industries were put under the management of private ownership of enterprises by Prime minister Shaukat Aziz. ==Privatization (Spontaneous phase: 1989-1993)== The momentum and demands for denationalization gained currency towards the end of the government of Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Pakistan Peoples Party who under intensified their nationalization programme had effectively the government-ownership management in the private industries of Pakistan; it had built a strong public-sector with priority on cement, steel and fertilizers.〔See Nationalization in Pakistan〕 After the end of government of peoples party, a white paper was issued by General Zia-ul-Haq's government, followed by setting up the commission under Pakistan Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation (PICIC) chairman N.M. Ukailie.〔 However, only three industries were returned to its rightful owners, namely Eittefaq Group of Industries to Mian Mohammed Sharif whilst others remains under government controlled.〔 As an aftermath of 1988 general elections, Benazir Bhutto and the peoples party returned to power, promising to denationalized and replace with the industrialization programme by means other than the state intervention. But controversially Benazir Bhutto did not carried out the denationalization programme or liberalization of the economy.〔 No nationalized units were privatized, few economic regulations were reviewed.〔 The partial privatization began to kick off by Chief Minister of Punjab Province Nawaz Sharif who presided the liquidation of many industrial units put under provisional government to private sector.〔 All industries based on Punjab government ownership were returned to its rightful owners on a mutual understanding; the prices on units returned to industrialists are still kept as "top secret" by the provisional government.〔 A large-scale privatization programme was launched on 22 January 1991 as the primary economic policy by Prime Minister Navaz Sharif who came to national power after securing a flight-winning victory in the 1990 general elections. The privatization programme was inspired and influenced in its nature after witnessing the success of the privatization in Great-Britain by British Prime minister Margaret Thatcher. The first phase of the privatization program covered the half of the public sector industries in terms of total employment, and the programme was in a direct response to Pakistan Peoples Party and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, and for instance Sharif's privatization programme was swift as nationalization programme.〔 During the course of first phase, Sharif presided the denationalization of banking sector and industries to private sector, starting first with MCB limited.〔 Sharif termed his privatization programme as "turning Pakistan into a (South) Korea by encouraging greater private saving and investment to accelerate economic growth.".〔 The second phase was promulgated by Sartaj Aziz with the goal to transform the enterprises into profit-seeking businesses, not depended to the government subsidies for their survival. The mega-energy corporations such as Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) and Karachi Electric Supply Corporations, and the Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation were set off to private sector. From 1990-93, around 115 industrial units were hastily privatized, including the privatization two major banks, 68 industrial units and 10% Shares of Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited. The privatization programme came with great surrounding controversies with lacked competition as the programme was largely controlled by favored insider. The recklessness and favoritism shown in privatization of the industrial and banking units by Prime minister Nawaz Sharif was to become the hallmark and the rise of strong business oligarch who have concentrated enormous assets, further increasing the wealth gap in Pakistan and contributing to the political instability. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Privatisation in Pakistan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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